Use a Business Valuation Pro to Evaluate Solvency

Business bankruptcies increased 40.4%, from 13,481 to 18,926, from 2022 to 2023, according to statistics released by the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts. Solvency opinions may help creditors determine whether a liquidating debtor can meet repayment obligations. They also may come into play in fraudulent conveyance, bankruptcy alter ego and due diligence actions. When questions arise about solvency, the parties often call on a business valuation expert for guidance. The basics Solvency is generally defined as a business’s or individual’s ability, at a specific point in time, to meet long-term interest and repayment obligations. To determine whether a business is solvent, both the federal Bankruptcy Code and the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act look at the “fair value” of a debtor’s assets. The company (or debtor) is determined...

New Option for Unused Funds in a 529 College Savings Plan

With the high cost of college, many parents begin saving with 529 plans when their children are babies. Contributions to these plans aren’t tax deductible, but they grow tax deferred. Earnings used to pay qualified education expenses can be withdrawn tax-free. However, earnings used for other purposes may be subject to income tax plus a 10% penalty. What if you have a substantial balance in a 529 plan but your child doesn’t need all the money for college? Perhaps your child decided not to attend college or received a scholarship. Or maybe you saved for private college, but your child attended a lower-priced state university. What should you do with unused funds? One option is to pay the tax and penalties and spend the money on whatever...

Preventing Fraud Losses Across Multiple Business Locations

If you operate your business in multiple locations (as with retail or restaurant chains), you face some extraordinary fraud-prevention challenges. After all, you can’t be everywhere at once. And the more locations you operate, the harder they are to monitor. Without the appropriate checks and balances in place, fraud losses in one store could threaten the health of your entire company. If you don’t already have one, consider implementing a robust antifraud program. A comprehensive strategy Whether you operate multiple locations as an independent owner or franchisee, fraud is an ever present risk. Depending on the products and services your business offers, employee, credit, returns and gift card fraud are all schemes your business potentially faces. Mitigating these risks requires a comprehensive strategy that doesn’t rely exclusively...

Tax-Wise Ways to Take Cash from your Corporation While Avoiding Dividend Treatment

If you want to withdraw cash from your closely held corporation at a low tax cost, the easiest way is to distribute cash as a dividend. However, a dividend distribution isn’t tax efficient since it’s taxable to you to the extent of your corporation’s “earnings and profits,” but it’s not deductible by the corporation. 5 different approaches Thankfully, there are some alternative methods that may allow you to withdraw cash from a corporation while avoiding dividend treatment. Here are five possible options: 1. Salary. Reasonable compensation that you, or family members, receive for services rendered to the corporation is deductible by the business. However, it’s also taxable to the recipient(s). The same rule applies to any compensation (in the form of rent) that you receive from the corporation...

Taking Your Spouse on a Business Trip? Can You Write Off the Costs?

A recent report shows that post-pandemic global business travel is going strong. The market reached $665.3 billion in 2022 and is estimated to hit $928.4 billion by 2030, according to a report from Research and Markets. If you own your own company and travel for business, you may wonder whether you can deduct the costs of having your spouse accompany you on trips. Is your spouse an employee? The rules for deducting a spouse’s travel costs are very restrictive. First of all, to qualify for the deduction, your spouse must be your employee. This means you can’t deduct the travel costs of a spouse, even if his or her presence has a bona fide business purpose, unless the spouse is an employee of your business. This requirement prevents tax...

When to Consider Subsequent Events in a Business Valuation

Business valuators sometimes consider major events that happen after the valuation date. For example, what if a business is subsequently sold, files for bankruptcy, discovers new technological advances, or experiences a major fraud loss, data breach or natural catastrophe? Such events could potentially affect a business’s fair market value, but whether a valuator will consider a particular event depends on the facts and circumstances of the valuation assignment. “Known or knowable” principle In general, events that are known or knowable on the valuation date will be factored into a valuation. Or valuators might consider the risk that a particular event will happen. But there are several exceptions. For example, in Estate of Jung v. Commissioner (101 T.C. 412, 1993), the U.S. Tax Court concluded, “Actual sales made in...

If You Didn't Contribute to an IRA Last Year, There's Still Time

If you’re gathering documents to file your 2023 tax return and you’re concerned that your tax bill may be higher than you’d like, there might still be an opportunity to lower it. If you qualify, you can make a deductible contribution to a traditional IRA right up until the April 15, 2024, filing date and benefit from the tax savings on your 2023 return. Who is eligible? You can make a deductible contribution to a traditional IRA if: You and your spouse aren’t active participants in an employer-sponsored retirement plan, or You or your spouse are an active participant in an employer plan, but your modified adjusted gross income (AGI) doesn’t exceed certain levels that vary from year to year by filing status. For 2023, if you’re a...

Get Ready for the 2023 Gift Tax Return Deadline

Did you make large gifts to your children, grandchildren or others last year? If so, it’s important to determine if you’re required to file a 2023 gift tax return. In some cases, it might be beneficial to file one — even if it’s not required. Who must file? The annual gift tax exclusion has increased in 2024 to $18,000 but was $17,000 for 2023. Generally, you must file a gift tax return for 2023 if, during the tax year, you made gifts: That exceeded the $17,000-per-recipient gift tax annual exclusion for 2023 (other than to your U.S. citizen spouse), That you wish to split with your spouse to take advantage of your combined $34,000 annual exclusion for 2023, That exceeded the $175,000 annual exclusion in 2023 for...

Early Revenue Recognition: Not Just Bad Accounting, But Fraud

Although financial statement fraud is the least common form of occupational theft (9% of incidents), it costs organizations the most in financial losses, according to the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners. Businesses defrauded by financial statement schemes had median losses of $593,000. Early revenue recognition, which distorts profits and can artificially boost a business’s financial profile, is popular among financial statement fraud perpetrators. To comply with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and preserve your company’s reputation, you must prevent such activities on your watch. It’s also important to be able to detect them in the financial statements of business partners, including acquisition targets and customers applying for credit. Schemes and warning signs Owners, executives and others with access to financial statements might recognize revenue improperly by delivering products early,...

What's the Best Accounting Method Route for Business Tax Purposes?

Businesses basically have two accounting methods to figure their taxable income: cash and accrual. Many businesses have a choice of which method to use for tax purposes. The cash method often provides significant tax benefits for eligible businesses, though some may be better off using the accrual method. Thus, it may be prudent for your business to evaluate its method to ensure that it’s the most advantageous approach. Eligibility to use the cash method “Small businesses,” as defined by the tax code, are generally eligible to use either cash or accrual accounting for tax purposes. (Some businesses may also be eligible to use various hybrid approaches.) Before the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) took effect, the gross receipts threshold for classification as a small business varied...