Valuation discounts for lack of control and marketability are major points of contention when companies or controlling shareholders are required to buy out shareholders who own minority interests. What’s appropriate depends on the facts of the case — and there’s an important distinction between statutory and contractual buyouts. Statutory buyouts In many jurisdictions, minority shareholders who are oppressed by controlling shareholders or who dissent to major business decisions are entitled to receive the “fair value” of their shares. Statutory appraisal rights provisions protect investors from being shortchanged in minority shareholder squeeze-outs, privatizations and leveraged buyouts, especially when the deal involves company insiders who may have a potential conflict of interest. It’s up to the court to determine a fair buyout price in these cases, but both sides usually...